Reading

Theoretical Readings on Modern State

• Ardant, Gabriel, "Financial Policy and Economic Infrastructure of Modern States and Nations," in Charles Tilly (ed.), The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), pp.164-242.
• Bayley, David H., "The Police and Political Development in Europe," in Charles Tilly (ed.), The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), pp.328-379.
• Bayly, Christopher A., "Myth and Technologies of the Modern State," Ch. 7 of his The Birth of the Modern World, 1780-1914: Global Connections and Comparisons (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), pp.247-283.
• Braun, Rudolf, "Taxation, Socipolitical Structure, and State-Building: Great Britain and Brandenburg-Prussia," in Charles Tilly (ed.), The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), pp.243-327.
• Finer, Samuel E., "State- and Nation-Building in Europe: The Role of the Military," in Charles Tilly (ed.), The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), pp.84-163.
• Fischer, Wolfram and Peter Lundgreen, "The Recruitment and Training of Administrative and Technical Personnel," in Charles Tilly (ed.), The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), pp.456-561.
• Pierson, Christopher, The Modern State, 2nd edition (London and New York: Routledge, 2004)
• Tilly, Charles, "Reflections on the History of European State-Making," in Charles Tilly (ed.), The Formation of National States in Wsetern Europe Princeton University Press, 1975), pp.3-83.

Readings on Nineteenth-Century Turkey

Establishment of a Centralized Army and Military Conscription

• ÇimÅŸit, Gizem, Conscription in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Empire: Its Reflections on the Lives of Ordinary People and Resistance, 1843-1876 (M.A. thesis, BoÄŸaziçi University, 2015)
• Esposito, Gabriele, Ottoman Armies, 1820-1914 [illustrated by Giuseppe Rava] (Oxford, Dublin and New York: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2023)
• HacısalihoÄŸlu, Mehmet, "Inclusion and Exclusion: Conscription in the Ottoman Empire," Journal of Modern European History, 5/2 (2007), pp.264-286.
• Heinzelmann, Tobias, "Kanunnameye Göre EÄŸitim: 1826-1843 Yıllarındaki Askeri Reformlar," Chapter 3 of his Cihaddan Vatan Savunmasına: Osmanlı Ä°mparatorluÄŸu'nda Genel Askerlik YükümlülüÄŸü, 1826-1856 [translated by Türkis Noyan] (Ä°stanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2009), pp.39-90.
• Heinzelmann, Tobias, "1846 Kur'a Kanunnamesi ve Askerlik YükümlülüÄŸü," Chapter 4 of his Cihaddan Vatan Savunmasına: Osmanlı Ä°mparatorluÄŸu'nda Genel Askerlik YükümlülüÄŸü, 1826-1856 [translated by Türkis Noyan] (Ä°stanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2009), pp.91-205.
• Levy, Avigdor, "The Officer Corps in Sultan Mahmud II's New Ottoman Army, 1826-1839," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2 (1971), pp.21-39.
• Lucassen Jan and Erik Jan Zürcher, "Conscription and Resistance: The Historical Context," Introduction to Erik Jan Zürcher (ed.), Arming the State: Military Conscription in the Middle East and Central Asia, 1775-1925 (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 1999), pp.1-19. / Lucassen Jan and Erik Jan Zürcher, "Zorunlu Askerlik ve DireniÅŸ: Tarihî Çerçeve," Introduction to Erik Jan Zürcher (ed.), Devletin Silâhlanması: OrtadoÄŸu'da ve Orta Asya'da Zorunlu Askerlik, 1775-1925 [translated by M. Tanju Akad] (Ä°stanbul: Ä°stanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2003), pp.1-22.
• Shaw, Stanford J., "The Nizam-ı Cedid Army under Sultan Selim III, 1789-1807," Oriens, 18/19 (1965/1966), pp.168-184.
• Shaw, Stanford J., "The Origins of Ottoman Military Reform: The Nizam-ı Cedid Army of Sultan Selim III," The Journal of Modern History, 37/3 (September 1965), pp.291-306.
• ÅžimÅŸek, Ali Rıza, Osmanlı Ordusunda Onsekizinci ve Ondokuzuncu Yüzyıllarda Yapılan Islahat Çalışmaları ve Bu Çalışmalarda Yabancı Uzmanları Rolü (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi, 2006)
• ÅžimÅŸek, Veysel, Ottoman Military Recruitment and the Recruit, 1826-1853 (M.A. thesis, Bilkent University, 2005)
• ÅžimÅŸek, Veysel, "The First 'Little Mehmeds': Conscripts for the Ottoman Army, 1826-1853," Osmanlı AraÅŸtırmaları/The Journal of Ottoman Studies, 44 (2014), pp.265-311.
• Tunalı, Ayten Can, Tanzimat Döneminde Osmanlı Kara Ordusunda Yapılanma, 1839-1876 (Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2003)
• Zürcher, Erik J., "The Ottoman Conscription System, 1844-1914," International Review of Social History, 43/3 (December 1998), pp.437-449.
• Zürcher, Erik Jan, "The Ottoman Conscription System in Theory and Practice, 1844-1918," Chapter 4 of Erik Jan Zürcher (ed.),  Arming the State: Military Conscription in the Middle East and Central Asia, 1775-1925 (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 1999), pp.79-94. / Zürcher, Erik Jan, "Teori ve Pratikte Osmanlı Zorunlu Askerlik Sistemi, 1844-1918," Chapter 4 of Erik Jan Zürcher (ed.), Devletin Silâhlanması: OrtadoÄŸu'da ve Orta Asya'da Zorunlu Askerlik, 1775-1925 [translated by M. Tanju Akad] (Ä°stanbul: Ä°stanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2003), pp.87-104.

The Structure and Centralization Efforts of Taxation

• Cihan Temizer, Nihal, "Osmanlı'da Mültezimler ile Ä°lgili Sorunlar–19. Yüzyıl," in Erkan IşıktaÅŸ and Muhammet Nuri Tunç (eds.), Osmanlı'da Toplum, Åžehir ve Ticaret, Vol.3 (Ankara: SonçaÄŸ Akademi, 2023), pp.231-249.
• Erol, Yasemin Zahide, Tanzimat'tan Sonra Osmanlı Devleti'nde Bir Vergi Tahsil Yöntemi Olarak Tahsildarlık Uygulaması," Tarih AraÅŸtırmaları Dergisi, 39/68 (September 2020), pp.357-391.
• Karaman, K. Kıvanç and Åževket Pamuk, "Ottoman State Finances in European Perspective, 1500-1914," The Journal of Economic History, 70 (2010), pp.593-629.
• Koyuncu, Nuran, "Osmanlı Devleti'nde Sarrafların Mültezimlere KefilliÄŸi," Ä°nönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 5/1 (2014), pp.295-325.
• Mutlu, Abdullah, Tanzimattan Günümüze Türkiye'de Vergileme Zihniyetinin GeliÅŸimi (Ankara: T.C. Maliye Bakanlığı, Strateji GeliÅŸtirme BaÅŸkanlığı, 2009)
• Özbek, Nadir, "Ä°mparatorluklar ve Mali Sistemler: KarşılaÅŸtırmalı Açıdan Osmanlı Kamu Maliyesi, 1839-1909," ODTÜ GeliÅŸme Dergisi, 48 (December 2021), pp.289-320.
• Özbek, Nadir, "Osmanlı Ä°mparatorluÄŸu'nda Gelir Vergisi: 1903-1907 Tarihli Vergi-i Åžahsi Uygulaması," Tarih ve Toplum–Yeni Yaklaşımlar, No.10 (Spring 2010), pp.43-80.
• Özbek, Nadir, "Tanzimat Devleti, Vergi Sistemi ve Toplumsal Adalet, 1839-1908," Toplumsal Tarih, No.252 (December 2014), pp.24-30.
• Özbek, Nadir, "TaÅŸrada Ä°ltizam Ä°haleleri ve Mahalli Ä°dareciler, 1876-1908: Bitlis Vilayeti Genc Sancağı ÖrneÄŸi," in Mehmet Ö. Alkan (ed.), Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e Süreklilik ve DeÄŸiÅŸim: Zafer Toprak ArmaÄŸanı (Ä°stanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2022), pp.481-501.
• Özbek, Nadir, "Tax Farming in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire: Institutional Backwardness or the Emergence of Modern Public Finance?" Journal of Intrerdisciplinary History, 49/2 (Autumn 2018), pp.219-245.
• Shaw, Stanford J., "The Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Tax Reforms and Revenue System," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 6/4 (October 1975), pp.421-459.

• Shaw, Stanford J., History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol.1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976)
• Aksu, Cevat, Dar-ı Åžura-yı Askeri: KuruluÅŸundan 1876 Yılına Kadar (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2004)
• Akyıldız, Ali, Osmanlı Bürokrasisi ve ModernleÅŸme (Ä°stanbul: Ä°letiÅŸim Yayınları, 2004)
• Anderson, Olive, "Great Britain and the Beginnings of the Otooman Public Debt, 1854-1855," The Historical Journal, 7/1 (1964), pp.47-63.
• Baster, Albert, "The Origins of British Banking Expansion in the Near East," The Economic History Review, 5/1 (October 1934), pp.76-86.
• Beinin, Joel, "Ottoman Reform and European Imperialism, 1839-1907," Ch.2 of his Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp.44-70.
• Davison, Roderic H., Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876, Part 1 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp.1-233.
• Davison, Roderic H., Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876, Part 2 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), p.234-479.
• Davison, Roderic H., "Turkish Attitudes Concerning Chritian-Muslim Equality in the Nineteenth Century," The American Historical Review, 59/4 (July 1954), pp.844-864.
• Deringil, Selim, "The Invention of Tradition as Public Image in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1808 to 1908," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 35/1 (January 1993), pp.3-29.
• Deringil, Selim, "PadiÅŸahım Çok YaÅŸa! Abdülhamid Döneminde Sembolizm ve Ä°ktidar," Selim Deringil, Ä°ktidarın Sembolleri ve Ä°deoloji: II. Abdülhamid Dönemi, 1876-1909 (Ä°stanbul: DoÄŸan Kitap, 2014), ss.29-56.
• DüÅŸünmez, Döndü, "Tanzimat Devrinde Kapı Kethüdalığı Müessesesi Hakkında Temel Bilgiler," Türkiyat AraÅŸtırmaları Dergisi, No. 28 (2010), ss.375-401.
• Eldem, Edhem, "Ottoman Financial Integration with Europe: Foreign Loans, the Ottoman Bank and the Ottoman Public Debt," European Review, 13/3 (July 2005), pp.431-445.
• Emrence, Cem, "Imperial Paths, Big Comparisons: The Late Ottoman Empire," Journal of Global History, 3 (2008), pp.289-311.
• Findley, Carter V., Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789-1922, Part 1 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), pp.1-220.
• Findley, Carter V., Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789-1922, Part 2 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), pp.221-455.
• Fortna, Benjamin, Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State, and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002)
• Birdal, Murat, The Political Economy of Ottoman Public Debt: Insolvency and European Financial Control in the Late Nineteenth Century (London and New York: I. B. Tauris Publishers, 2010)
• Göçek, Fatma Müge, Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996)


• Karpat, Kemal H., " The Transformation of the Ottoman State, 1789-1908," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 3 (1972), pp.243-281.
• Morawitz, Charles, "Obstacles to Reform in Turkey," The North American Review, 179/573 (August 1904), pp.194-206.
• Morawitz, Charles, "The Public Debt of Turkey," The North American Review, 175/549 (August 1902), pp.275-288.
• Mundy, Martha and Richard Saunarez Smith, Governing Property, Making the Modern State: Law, Administration and Production in Ottoman Syria (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2007)
• Okan, AyÅŸegül, The Ottoman Postal and Telegraph Services in the Last Quarter of the Nineteenth Century (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, BoÄŸaziçi Üniversitesi, 2003)
• Özbek, Nadir, Ä°mparatorluÄŸun Bedeli: Osmanlı'da Vergi, Siyaset ve Toplumsal Adalet, 1839-1908 (Ä°stanbul: BoÄŸaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi, 2015)
• Pamuk, Åževket, "Estimating Economic Growth in the Middle East since 1820," The Journal of Economic History, 66/3 September 2006), pp.809-828.
• Pamuk, Åževket, "The Evolution of Financial Institutions in the Ottoman Empire, 1600-1914," Financial History Review, 11/1 (June 2004), pp.7-32.
• Petrov, Milen V., "Everyday Forms of Compliance: Subaltern Commentaries on Ottoman Reform, 1864-1868," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 46/4 (October 2004), pp.730-759.
• Rubin, Avi, "Legal Borrowing and Its Impact on Ottoman Legal Culture in the Late Nineteenth Century," Continuity and Change, 22/2 (August 2007), pp.279-303.
• Salzmann, Ariel, Tocqueville in the Ottoman Empire: Rival Paths to the Modern State (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2004)
• Shaw, Stanford J., "The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831-1914," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 9/3 (October 1978), pp.325-338.
• Åžen, Hasan, The Transformation of the Politics of Punishment and the Birth of Prison in the Ottoman Empire, 1845-1910 (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, BoÄŸaziçi Üniversitesi, 2005)
• Agoston, Gabor and Bruce Masters (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire (New York: Facts on File Inc., 2009)
• Toprak, Zafer, "From Plurality to Unity: Codification and Jurisprudence in the Late Ottoman Empire," in Anna Frangoudaki and ÇaÄŸlar Keyder (eds.), Ways to Modernity in Greece and Turkey (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2007), pp.26-39.
• Torun, Sadık Fatih, Tanzimat'tan MeÅŸrutiyet'e Türkiye'de Kaza Yönetimi, 1842-1876 (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2005)
• Tunalı, Ayten Can, Tanzimat Döneminde Osmanlı Kara Ordusunda Yapılanma, 1839-1876 (Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2003)
• Uyar,Mesut and Edward J. Erickson, A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2009)
• Ünal, UÄŸur, Sultan Abdülaziz Devri Osmanlı Kara Ordusu, 1861-1876 (Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, 2006)
• Yıldız, Gültekin, "Ottoman Military Organization, 1800-1918," in Gordon Martel (ed.), The Encyclopedia of War, 5 volumes (2012)
• Zürcher, Erik J., "The Ottoman Conscription System, 1844-1914," International Review of Social History, 43/3 (December 1998), pp.437-449.

Nineteenth Century Sources

• Great Britain. House of Commons, The Debate on Turkey in the House of Commons on Friday, May the 29th, 1863 (London: C. W. Reynell, 1863)
• Habesci, Elias, The Present State of the Ottoman Empire (London: Baldwin, 1784)
• MacFarlane, Charles, Turkey and Its Destiny, Vol.1 (London: John Murray, 1850)
• MacFarlane, Charles, Turkey and Its Destiny, Vol.2/1 (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1850)
• MacFarlane, Charles, Turkey and Its Destiny, Vol.2/2 (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1850)
• Reid, John, Turkey and the Turks: Being the Present State of the Ottoman Empire (London: Robert Tyas, 1840)
• Thornton, Thomas, The Present State of Turkey, 2nd edition, Vol.1 (London: Joseph Mawman, 1809)
• Thornton, Thomas, The Present State of Turkey, 2nd edition, Vol.2 (London: Joseph Mawman, 1809)
• Urquhart, David, Turkey and Its Resources (London: Saunders and Otley, 1833)